[空手道] TOGKF使用的日文敬稱詞彙

日前行政辦公室特地寄過來的文件，針對即將到來的十月武道祭(Budosai)，似乎很多國外支部的人對於日文稱謂完全不懂，就有了這個說明文件，可能我們有些人也不太清楚，那就把他好好看懂吧。以下中文翻譯：

對外國人可能有點複雜的日文敬稱

在日本，敬稱是附加在名字後的後綴，用以表示說話者與被提及者之間的關係，例如「さん」（San）、「後輩」（Kohai）、「先輩」（Senpai）、「先生」（Sensei）、「師範」（Shihan）及「碩士」（Hanshi）。

道場通常具有階級結構。最高指導者通常被稱為「先生」（Sensei），負責監督訓練。道場內的其他高級學員可能被稱為「OO先生」、「OO先輩」，或「OOさん」，具體取決於他們的段位或與被指導者的關係。這種階級結構營造了一個知識傳承與尊重維持的學習環境。

以下是關於這些敬稱詞彙的使用指南，但請注意，由於這些詞彙的正確使用常受情境與場合影響，無法提供精確的指導。然而，以下為希望在道場內使用日本敬稱的學員提供一些通用建議。

「さん」（San）

「さん」是一個通用的敬稱，幾乎適用於任何場合，表示對對方的尊重。 範例：Smithさん、田中さん。

「後輩」（Kohai）與「先輩」（Senpai）

「後輩」與「先輩」用於描述某人時，但不直接用於稱呼對方。範例：Smithさん是我的先輩，因為他年長且訓練時間比我長。然而，直接說「Smith先輩，請帶領低段者練習型」會顯得不自然，正確應說「Smithさん，請帶領低段者練習型」。

個人補充：若先輩已經是先生格，通常也不會再叫他先輩，而是稱先生以表尊重。另外後輩通常不會用於直接的稱呼，譬如田中是我的後輩，我要請他幫我拿東西，我不會對田中這個後輩講說：「田中後輩，幫我拿東西」，或是「後輩，幫我拿東西」，而是「田中，幫我拿東西」，但看關係有時候也是會以田中さん或是田中君（Kun）去稱呼，最保險不失禮的還是都直接以さん稱呼吧。

「先生」（Sensei）

「先生」是一個常被誤解的日本稱呼，無法直接翻譯為「教師」。在日文中，「教師」（Kyoshi）才是教師的直接翻譯。在日本，若詢問學校教師的職業，他們會說「私は教師です」（我是一名教師），而非「私は先生です」（我是一名先生）。然而，學生會稱他們的教師為「OO先生」。

在日本，先生通常保留給五段或以上的道場負責人使用，因為五段被視為道場負責人的最低段位。然而，在海外，許多初段學員也可能經營自己的道場，因此其學生會稱其為「先生」。

高段位的先生也可能對低段位的指導者使用「先生」稱呼，以示尊重。例如，若我訪問由一段學員經營的道場，我會在其學生面前稱其為「OO先生」，這並非表示他/她是我的老師，而是一種對其努力經營道場的尊重。在其學生聽不到的情況下，我會改用其名字或姓氏。

重要提醒：在日本，人們絕不會自我介紹為「先生」。例如，「我的名字是Smith先生」是錯誤的。同樣，在電子郵件簽名中寫「敬上，Jack Smith先生」也不符合禮儀。

「師範」（Shihan）

「師範」是一個不常在日常場合附加於名字的敬稱，多用於正式場合，如介紹某人在活動或示範中的身份。 範例：米里先生（Yonessato Sensei）是沖繩本部道場三位負責訓練的師範之一。

在TOGKF中，「師範」是由東恩納先生（Higaonna Sensei）授予的頭銜。目前的師範包括Bakkies Laubscher、寺內一男(Terauchi)、George Andrews、小久保寿一(Kokubo)、蔵元雅一(Kuramoto)、上原米和(Uehara)及米里吉則(Yonessato)。

「範士」（Hanshi）

TOGKF目前不使用「範士」這一稱呼。

網路詞典定義：

• さん（San）：先生、女士、太太，通用敬稱。
• 後輩（Kohai）：年資較淺的學生或同事。
• 先輩（Senpai）：年資較長或年紀較大的同事或學生，用於學校、工作場所、道場或運動俱樂部。
• 先生（Sensei）：字面意為「先出生者」，用於稱呼或指代教師、醫生、政治家、律師等權威人士，表示對其專業成就的尊重。
• 師範（Shihan）：意為首席指導者，與段位無直接關聯。在TOGKF中，師範是授予的頭銜。
• 範士（Hanshi）：指被視為「教師之師」的高級專家，在許多武術流派中用於最高級別的指導者，有時被翻譯為「大師」。通常授予八段（8th dan）以上者。

英文原文

Honorific words used in TOGKF 

Japanese honorifics are suffixes attached to names to denote the relationship between the speaker and the person they are referring to. Examples include, “San”, “Kohai”, “Senpai”, “Sensei”, “Shihan”, and “Hanshi.”

Dojo usually have a hierarchical structure. The head instructor, often referred to as "Sensei," oversees the training. Other senior students in the dojo may be referred to as “OO Sensei” or, "OO Senpai," or even “OO san” depending on their grades and or relationship to the people they may be teaching. This hierarchy fosters a learning environment where knowledge is passed down and respect is maintained.

We’ve attached web definitions to the bottom of this email. But please understand that it is not possible to offer precise guidance because the proper use of these terms is often influenced by the context and situation in which they are used.

However, here are some general guidelines for those of you who want to use Japanese honorifics in your dojo. 

“San” is a generic term of respect and can be used in almost any situation. For example: Smith san or Tanaka san. 

“Kohai” and “Senpai” are added when describing someone (but not added when addressing the person directly. For example: Smith-san is my Senpai because he is older and has trained longer than me. However, “Smith Senpai, could you take the junior grades through kata?” is strange. “Smith san, could you take the junior grades through kata” would be better. 

“Sensei” is a very misunderstood Japanese title. It cannot be directly translated to “teacher”. Kyoshi is the direct translation for teacher. If you ask a school teacher in Japan what they do, they will answer, “Watashi wa Kyoshi desu” or “I am a teacher”. They will not say, “I am a Sensei”. But their students will call them “OO Sensei”. In Japan, Sensei is usually reserved for 5th dan or above as 5th dan is considered the minimum rank for a dojo head. However, overseas, there are many 1 st dan running their own clubs so their students would call him or her "Sensei".

A higher ranking sensei may refer to another person of a lower rank as “sensei” as well. If I were visiting a dojo that was being run by a shodan, I would refer to that person as “Sensei OO” in front of his or her students. This does not mean he or she is my teacher, but merely a mark of respect shown to someone who is doing their best to run a karate dojo. Out of that instructor’s students’ earshot I would revert to the instructor’s first or last name.

Finally, while on the topic of “Sensei”, people in Japan NEVER introduce themselves as Sensei. “My name is Sensei Smith” is wrong. Similarly, when signing an email, one never signs it, “Regards Sensei Jack Smith”. Adding that title to your name when you are the author of the email is not correct etiquette. 

“Shihan” is an honorific title rarely attached to a name in an everyday situation. It is more often used in a formal setting when the person is being introduced somewhere like a function or demonstration. For example: Yonesato Sensei is one of three Shihan running the training at Honbu dojo in Okinawa. 

Currently, in the TOGKF “Shihan” is a title given to someone by Higaonna Sensei. Sensei Bakkies, Terauchi, Andrews,Kokubo,Kuramoto, Uehara and Yonessato are the current holders of this title in the TOGKF. 

“Hanshi” is not used in the TOGKF

Web dictionary definitions: 

• San (さん), "Mr.", "Miss", "Ms.", or "Mrs.", 
• kōhai (後輩、こうはい). Junior students. 
• Senpai (先輩、せんぱい, "former born") is used to address or refer to one's older or more senior colleagues and students in a school, workplace, dojo, or sports club. 
• Sensei (先生、せんせい, literally meaning "born earlier") is used to refer to or address teachers, doctors, politicians, lawyers, and other authority figures. It is used to show respect to someone who has achieved mastery 
• Shihan (師範【しはん】), merely means chief instructor; unlike the titles above, it is not related to grade. Currently, In the TOGKF Shihan is a title bestowed 
• Hanshi (範士【はんし】) refers to a senior expert considered a "teacher of teachers". This title is used by many different arts for the top few instructors of that style, and is sometimes translated "Grand Master". Awarded to 8th dan and above.